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Abstract

A state of emergency raises constitutional concerns because the state requires extraordinary powers to address threats, while human rights must nevertheless be protected in accordance with the principles of the rule of law and constitutional democracy. This study aims to analyze the constitutional standards governing the limitation of human rights during a state of emergency and to reconstruct a human rights limitation model capable of balancing the effectiveness of state authority with the prevention of abuse of power. This study employs a normative legal research method (doctrinal research) using a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. The legal materials consist of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal sources, which are analyzed qualitatively using a prescriptive method and presented in a descriptive-analytical manner. The findings indicate that the limitation of human rights during a state of emergency has a constitutional basis in Article 12 and Article 28J of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. Nevertheless, its implementation must continue to respect non-derogable rights as stipulated in Article 28I paragraph (1). The regulation of a state of emergency under Government Regulation in Lieu of Law (Perppu) No. 23 of 1959 still has several weaknesses, particularly regarding the broad parameters for determining an emergency, governmental discretion, human rights protection, and oversight mechanisms. Therefore, this study proposes a Constitutional Emergency Limitation Model, consisting of six fundamental principles: legality, legitimate purpose, necessity, proportionality, temporality, and judicial and democratic oversight. This model positions emergency powers as extraordinary powers that remain subject to constitutional constraints, are temporary and measurable, and are subject to effective oversight. This reconstruction is expected to strengthen human rights protection while ensuring that the state retains sufficient capacity to respond effectively to emergency situations.

Keywords

Constitutional Limitations Human Rights State of Emergency

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How to Cite
Saputri, E. D., & Ismaya, H. (2026). RESTRICTIONS ON HUMAN RIGHTS IN STATES OF EMERGENCY: A REVIEW OF CONSTITUTIONAL LAW. Constitutional Law Society, 5(2), 365–380. https://doi.org/10.36448/jcls.v5i2.150
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